The Knights of Bushido: A History of Japanese War Crimes During World War II

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Meirion and Susie Harries, Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army p 7 ISBN 0-394-56935-0 Wert, Michael (2014-11-01). " 'The Military Mirror of Kai': Swordsmanship and a Medieval Text in Early Modern Japan". Raynor Memorial Libraries. Marquette University. pp.407, 409. a b Lee Teng-hui (April 6, 2006). 「武士道」解題〔小学館文庫〕: ノーブレス・オブリージュとは ("Bushidō" kaidai: nōburesu oburīju to wa). Shogakukan (小学館). ASIN 4094057927. In the Taishō era, bushido as the way of the merchant was advocated by industrialist Shibusawa Eiichi (1840–1931), known as the "father of Japanese capitalism". [28] Shibusawa was also a warrior who learned Shindō Munen-ryū and Hokushin Ittō-ryū. He spent some time as a vassal of Tokugawa Yoshinobu, and since the Meiji era, he was a businessman and involved in the establishment of hundreds of corporations. Kendo has the bushido spirit such as epitomized by the motto Ken Zen Ichi Nyo (lit. "the sword and Zen are one") (剣 禅 一 如). [11] The philosopher Tetsuro Watsuji (1889–1960) wrote that kendo involves raising a struggle to a life-transcending level by freeing oneself from an attachment to life. [11] Kendo inculcates moral instruction through strict adherence to a code of etiquette. [11] There are kamidana (miniature Shinto shrine) in the dojo. [11] The basic attitude in Kendo is noble by shunning base feelings and the aim is conquering the self. [11] Way of life [ edit ]

a b Odagiri, Hiroyuki (1996). Technology and Industrial Development in Japan. Oxford University Press. pp.72–73. ISBN 978-0-19-828802-2. Mikiso Hane Modern Japan: A Historical Survey, Third Edition Westview Press (January 2001) ISBN 0-8133-3756-9In October 2011, Spain's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord was given to the heroes of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster aka the Fukushima 50. [11] They were praised for their conduct which "embodied the values most deeply rooted in Japanese society" and "courage and exemplary behaviour" with self-sacrifice. [11] This was described by the media as "samurai spirit". [11] Japan Self-Defense Forces [ edit ] JSDF soldiers during a training exercise The aging Yamamoto Tsunetomo's interpretation of bushidō is perhaps more illustrative of the philosophy refined by his unique station and experience, at once dutiful and defiant, ultimately incompatible with the laws of an emerging civil society. Of the 47 rōnin—to this day, generally regarded as exemplars of bushidō—Tsunetomo felt they were remiss in hatching such a wily, delayed plot for revenge, and had been over-concerned with the success of their undertaking. Instead, Tsunetomo felt true samurai should act without hesitation to fulfill their duties, without regard for success or failure. [ citation needed] Other pundits pontificating on the warrior philosophy covered methods of raising children, appearance, and grooming, but all of this may be seen as part of one's constant preparation for death—to die a good death with one's honor intact, the ultimate aim in a life lived according to bushidō. Indeed, a "good death" is its own reward, and by no means assurance of "future rewards" in the afterlife. Some samurai, though certainly not all (e.g., Amakusa Shirō), have throughout history held such aims or beliefs in disdain, or expressed the awareness that their station—as it involves killing—precludes such reward, especially in Buddhism. Japanese beliefs surrounding the samurai and the afterlife are complex and often contradictory, while the soul of a noble warrior suffering in hell or as a lingering spirit occasionally appears in Japanese art and literature, so does the idea of a warrior being reborn upon a lotus throne in paradise [127]

Crest An owl wings expanded Argent beaked and legged Or resting the dexter claw and estoile Azure. Escutcheon Per saltire Sable and Or in chief an estoile Argent two roses in fess Gules barbed and seeded Proper and in base a thistle leaved and slipped of the second. Supporters On either side an owl Argent beaked and legged Or gorged with a chaplet of roses Gules leaved Vert. Motto More Light [4] During this period, the samurai class played a central role in the policing and administration of the country. [69] The bushidō literature of this time contains much thought relevant to a warrior class seeking more general application of martial principles and experience in peacetime, as well as reflection on the land's long history of war. [ citation needed] The literature of this time includes: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Kasaya Kazuhiko (June 12, 2019). "Bushidō: An Ethical and Spiritual Foundation in Japan". Nippon.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019.

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The Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) are the successor of the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan which existed from 1868 till 1947. [120] The JSDF was officially established with the Self-Defense Forces Act in 1954 (Act No. 165 of 1954). [121] It is primarily used for national defense due to limitations of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. Bushido is only used symbolically for example with names for combat exercises such as Exercise Bushido Guardian (2019). [122] There are supporters and opposition for introducing bushido to the JSDF. In Taiwan there continued to be positive views of bushido. [115] Such as late ROC president Lee Teng-hui (1923–2020) admired traditional Japanese values and bushido influenced him. [29] In Japanese Taiwan, Teng-hui learned kendo in school and he was deeply influenced by bushido and the Japanese Bushido spirit, which had a significant impact on his future life. [116] He wrote the 2003 Japanese book "Bushido" Precis: What is Noblesse oblige? which strived to boost Japan's morale during the economic stagnation by appealing to Japan's warrior spirit. [115] Communication [ edit ] Hall, John Whitney, ed. (1988). The Cambridge history of Japan Vol. 4: Early Modern Japan. James L. McClain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22352-0. OCLC 17483588.

From Mukden to Pearl Harbour -- The China incident -- The general treatment of prisoners of war -- The murder of captured aircrews -- Life and death on the Burma-Siam Railway -- The massacre and murder of prisoners of war -- The prison hulks -- The death marches -- The prison camps -- The civilian internment camps -- War crimes on the high seas -- Cannibalism, vivisection and mutilation -- Atrocities against the civilian population under Japanese occupation -- The Kempei Tai -- Retribution Shimabukuro, Masayuki; Pellman, Leonard (2007). Flashing Steel: Mastering Eishin-Ryu Swordsmanship, 2nd edition. Berkeley, CA: Blue Snake Books. p.2. ISBN 9781583941973. a b c Eiko Ikegami. The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. He left Cambridge to join the British Army soon after the outbreak of war. He served with distinction in the First World War, winning the Military Cross three times. One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of 3 January 1868." Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 334.

Shinya Fujimura examines Samurai ethics in the academic article The Samurai Ethics: A Paradigm for Corporate Behavior. Bushido principles indicate that rapid economic growth does not have to be a goal of modern existence. [111] Relatedly, economic contentment is attainable regardless of hegemonic gross-domestic product statistics. [112] In Fujimura's words, "The tradition permeates the country's corporate culture and has informed many of its social developments". [113] Fujimura states egalitarian principles practiced by the Samurai have permeated through modern business society and culture. Principles like Honorable Poverty, "Seihin," encourage those with power and resources to share their wealth, directly influencing national success. [113] Bushido also provides enterprises with social meaning. Eloquently described by Fujimura, "The moral purpose that bushido articulates transcends booms and busts ... it is often said that a Japanese company is like a family, with executives caring about employees and employees showing respect to executives. Bushido, then, is part of the basis for a sense of national identity and belonging—an ideal that says the Japanese are one people, in it together. [114] a b c d "Felice Beato Execution 1868 (ca)". Luminous Lint. June 28, 2001. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. a b c d e f g Dodd, Simon Alexander; Brown, David (25 June 2016). "Kata – The true essence of Budo martial arts?". Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas. 11 (1): 32–47. doi: 10.18002/rama.v11i1.3693. a b c Department of Asian Art. "Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392)." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.