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Chen X, Xu L, Yang Y, Egger J. A semi-automatic computer-aided method for surgical template design. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 20280. pmid:26843434 This section describes the most common methods used for reconstructing the 3D models of fossil skulls following different sources (i.e., Zollikofer and Ponce de León, 2005; Abel et al., 2012; Cunningham et al., 2014; Sutton et al., 2014; Tallman et al., 2014; Lautenschlager, 2016; Mostakhdemin et al., 2016; Gunz et al., 2020). Moreover, for a correct anatomical reconstruction, one usually has to use different specific bibliographic sources on the anatomy of the group studied. In our case, we have followed Moore (1982) and Novacek (1993), and we have also relied on the anatomy of the skull of living bears, especially those species with a closer phylogenetic relationship with the cave bear (i.e., U. arctos, Ursus americanus, Ursus maritimus, and Ursus thibetanus). Tropeano, M.P.; Spaggiari, R.; Ileyassoff, H.; Park, K.B.; Kolias, A.G.; Hutchinson, P.J.; Servadei, F. A Comparison of Publication to TBI Burden Ratio of Low- and Middle-Income Countries Versus High-Income Countries: How Can We Improve Worldwide Care of TBI? J. Neurosurg. 2019, 47, E5. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] XMarker–In this part all marker operations are handled, from setting the markers, storing them and performing modifications, until finally converting them from an (MeVisLab) MLBase type to vtkPoints. Parthasarathy J. 3D modeling, custom implants and its future perspectives in craniofacial surgery. Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery. 2014; 4(1): 9–18. pmid:24987592

Chen X, Xu L, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang F, Zeng X, et al. Development of a surgical navigation system based on augmented reality using an optical see-through head-mounted display. J Biomed Inform. 2015; 55: 124–31. pmid:25882923 Gerstl, J.V.E.; Rendon, L.F.; Burke, S.M.; Doucette, J.; Mekary, R.A.; Smith, T.R. Complications and cosmetic outcomes of materials used in cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy—A systematic review, pairwise meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir. 2022, 164, 3075–3090. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Lo JL, Chen YR, Tseng CS, Lee MY. Computer-aided reconstruction of traumatic fronto-orbital osseous defects: aesthetic considerations. Chang Gung Medical Journal.2004; 27(4): 283–291. pmid:15239195 Birk, H.; Demand, A.; Kandregula, S.; Notarianni, C.; Meram, A.; Kosty, J. Wound vacuum-assisted closure as a bridge therapy in the treatment of infected cranial gunshot wound in a pediatric patient: Illustrative case. J. Neurosurg. Case Lessons 2022, 3, 1–5. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Author Contributions

Ridgway, E.B.; Weiner, H.L. Skull deformities. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 2004, 51, 359–387. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group (SwissMAM), University of Basel, Allschwil, Switzerland Prümper J. Der Benutzungsfragebogen ISONORM 9241/10: Ergebnisse Zur Reliabilität und Validität. In: R. Liskowsky u.a. (Hg.): Software-Ergonomie '97, Stuttgart; 1997. Editor: Peter M.A. van Ooijen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NETHERLANDS

Mangubat E, Sani S. Acute global ischemic stroke after cranioplasty: case report and review of the literature. Neurologist. 2015; 19(5): 135–9. pmid:25970836 This article has been supported by projects CGL2015-68300P, CGL2017-92166-EXP, UMA18-FEDERJA188, and CGL-2016-78577-P. Conflict of Interest Alkhaibary, A.; Alharbi, A.; Alnefaie, N.; Almubarak, A.O.; Aloraidi, A.; Khairy, S. Cranioplasty: A Comprehensive Review of the History, Materials, Surgical Aspects, and Complications. World Neurosurg. 2020, 139, 445–452. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]Wu, C.T.; Yang, Y.H.; Chang, Y.Z. Three-Dimensional Deep Learning to Automatically Generate Cranial Implant Geometry. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 1–10. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Jindal, P.; Chaitanya; Bharadwaja, S.S.S.; Rattra, S.; Pareek, D.; Gupta, V.; Breedon, P.; Reinwald, Y.; Juneja, M. Optimizing cranial implant and fixture design using different materials in cranioplasty. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L J. Mater. Des. Appl. 2023, 237, 107–121. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Skervin, A.; Levy, B. Management of Common Surgical Complications. Surgery 2023, 41, 76–80. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] World Health Organization. Injuries and Violence. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/injuries-and-violence (accessed on 16 February 2023).

Jegadeesan, J.T.; Baldia, M.; Basu, B. Next-Generation Personalized Cranioplasty Treatment. Acta Biomater. 2022, 154, 63–82. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] A person may get mirror tattoos to symbolize their inner self, beauty, and vanity. Also, people get mirror tattoos to increase confidence in their life. Li, J.; Gsaxner, C.; Pepe, A.; Cheng, G.; Egger, J.; Schopper, C.; Schmidhammer, R.; Gaggl, A. Synthetic skull bone defects for automatic patient-specific craniofacial implant design. Sci. Data 2021, 8, 36. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

In the case of the skull of U. spelaeus ladinicus, it was acquired with a XμCT system (see Table 1 and Supplementary Data). The virtual reconstruction of U. spelaeus ladinicus is shown in Figure 8. In this case, only the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the left canine were virtually repaired in Mimics. For repairing the right TMJ, a preliminary step was performed to preselect the left TMJ. With this anatomical selection, we proceeded to mirror the structure (the command is CMF/Simulation→Mirror in Mimics) ( Figures 8A–D). As this structure is essentially formed by trabecular bone with a high complexity of the trabeculae, it is unfeasible to generate a new layer of bone as performed in other fossils. Therefore, the easiest way to proceed here was to adapt the repositioned fragment and merge it later, through the command CMF/Simulation→Reposition and Merge in Mimics ( Figures 9A–D). The left canine was precisely reconstructed in the alveolar cavity, adapting the shape, size, and orientation of such dental piece to the specific anatomical requirements with the same command reposition tool ( Figure 9B). With this process, the skull of U. spelaeus ladinicus is fully repaired and reconstructed with the TMJ and the left canine ( Figure 9C). Once the skull was virtually reconstructed, its mesh was postprocessed. The analysis is explained in detail in “Mesh Postprocessing” section. Conclusion The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.00345/full#supplementary-material Footnotes Amenta N, Bern M, Eppstein D. Optimal point placement for mesh smoothing. Journal of Algorithms 1999; 30(2): 302–322. Moreover, the new “virtual world” has significantly changed how scientists conceive the collections of living and fossil organisms. For example, nowadays, virtual free-access collections such as Morphomuseum 1, Phenome10K 2, or the pioneer Digimorph 3 are substantially increasing. Furthermore, such digital collections could be used to detect fossil fakes or to have a digital copy of the original specimen that can be adequately preserved against possible loss ( Rahman et al., 2012). Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and hosted at the public repository Figshare. Please see data hosted at Figshare at the following URL: https://figshare.com/articles/Cranial_Defect_Datasets/4659565.